Facts about the Leap Year you should know

The advent of the year 2024 heralds the occurrence of a leap year, a cyclical event transpiring every four years to align our calendars with Earth’s orbital journey around the sun. This anomaly, marked by a 366-day calendar year, contrasts with the standard 365 days, thanks to the addition of an extra day in February. The recognition of this temporal adjustment extends globally, with Google Doodles playing a vital role in disseminating awareness.

A leap year spans 366 days, attributing 29 days to February instead of the usual 28. In contrast, a non-leap year adheres to the conventional 365 days, maintaining the standard 28-day February.

Why Leap Years Occur?

The necessity of leap years lies in synchronizing the calendar year with the astronomical year. Earth’s orbit around the sun takes approximately 365.2422 days, and without the leap year correction, our calendars would progressively lose alignment with the seasons. This discrepancy arises from the Earth’s orbit taking about 365.25 days to complete, necessitating this cosmological adjustment to ensure consistency in the representation of solstices and equinoxes on the calendar.

In Hindu religious texts, such as the Vedas, references are made to the adjustment of calendars to account for Earth’s rotation and the moon’s phases.

Mathematical Formula to Calculate a Leap Year:

The formula for identifying a leap year is straightforward. A year is deemed a leap year if it is divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 but not by 400. This mathematical approach helps eliminate certain leap years, ensuring synchronization with Earth’s orbit.

1. 1. Step 1: Check if the year is divisible by 4

(Year % 4 == 0)

1. 1. Step 2: Check if the year is not divisible by 100

(Year % 100 != 0)

1. 1. Step 3: Check if the year is divisible by 400

(Year % 400 == 0)

1. 1. Step 4: Combine the conditions from steps 1, 2, and 3

(Year % 4 == 0) and ((Year % 100 != 0) or (Year % 400 == 0))

Computer Programming and Leap Year

The relationship between computer programming and leap years is integral, often featuring prominently in interviews. Calculating a leap year is a fundamental programming task and is implemented in various programming languages.

How to Calculate a Leap Year in Various Languages:

JavaScript:

<script>
function isLeapYear(year) {
return (year % 4 === 0 && (year % 100 !== 0 || year % 400 === 0));
}
</script>

Java:

boolean isLeapYear(int year) {
return (year % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0));
}

C Programming & C++:

//In C Programming
int isLeapYear(int year) {
return (year % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0));
}

// In C++
bool isLeapYear(int year) {
return (year % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0));
}

C# Programming:

bool IsLeapYear(int year) {
return (year % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0));
}

Python Programming:

def is_leap_year(year):
return (year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0))

Cobol:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. LeapYearProgram.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Year PIC 9(4).
01 LeapYearFlag PIC X.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
ACCEPT Year.
IF (Year MOD 4 = 0 AND (Year MOD 100 NOT = 0 OR Year MOD 400 = 0)) 
MOVE 'Y' TO LeapYearFlag
ELSE
MOVE 'N' TO LeapYearFlag.
DISPLAY 'Is Leap Year? ' LeapYearFlag.

CMD (Batch Script):

@echo off
set /p year=Enter year: 
set /a leap=year %% 4
set /a cent=year %% 100
set /a four=year %% 400

if %leap%==0 (
if %cent% neq 0 (
goto :leap
) else (
if %four%==0 (
goto :leap
) else (
goto :notleap
)
)
) else (
goto :notleap
)

:leap
echo %year% is a leap year.
goto :end

:notleap
echo %year% is not a leap year.

:end

Linux Shell:

#!/bin/bash
echo -n "Enter year: "
read year

if [ $((year % 4)) -eq 0 -a $((year % 100)) -ne 0 -o $((year % 400)) -eq 0 ]; then
echo "$year is a leap year."
else
echo "$year is not a leap year."
fi

Occurrence of Leap Years in the Future:

1. 2028 – Thursday
2. 2032 – Sunday
3. 2036 – Tuesday
4. 2040 – Saturday
5. 2044 – Wednesday
6. 2048 – Friday
7. 2052 – Monday
8. 2056 – Wednesday
9. 2060 – Saturday
10. 2064 – Monday
11. 2068 – Thursday
12. 2072 – Saturday
13. 2076 – Tuesday
14. 2080 – Sunday
15. 2084 – Wednesday
16. 2088 – Friday
17. 2092 – Monday
18. 2096 – Wednesday
19. 2104 – Sunday
20. 2108 – Tuesday

10 Facts about Leap Years

• Occurrence Every Four Years: Leap years, a cyclical event transpiring roughly every four years, mark an integral adjustment in our calendar system. This periodic phenomenon ensures synchronization with the Earth’s orbit, where a full revolution around the sun takes approximately 365.2422 days.
• 366 Days in a Leap Year: The distinctive feature of leap years lies in their extension to 366 days, contrary to the typical 365. This addition introduces an extra day to the month of February, transforming it from 28 to 29 days.
• Synchronization with Astronomical Year: Leap years serve the crucial purpose of harmonizing the calendar year with Earth’s orbital journey. This correction prevents a gradual misalignment between our calendars and the shifting seasons, ensuring temporal accuracy.
• Leap Years in the Gregorian Calendar: The current leap year system finds its roots in the Gregorian calendar, instituted by Pope Gregory XIII in October 1582. This calendar refinement superseded the Julian calendar, offering a more precise method for calculating leap years.
• Leap Year Formula: The leap year formula, a straightforward guideline for identifying these special years, states that a year is a leap year if divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 but not by 400. This mathematical rule maintains synchronization with Earth’s orbit.
• Historical Origins: The concept of leap years traces back to ancient civilizations, with the Egyptians introducing a leap-year-like system around 2800 BCE. This historical perspective adds depth to our understanding of timekeeping practices.
• Leap Years and Seasons: The pivotal role of leap years lies in preserving the alignment between our calendar and the seasons. Without this correction, solstices and equinoxes would gradually deviate from their assigned dates.
• Leap Years in Different Cultures: Diverse cultures have adapted leap year concepts to their respective calendars. For example, the Hebrew calendar incorporates an extra month in specific years, showcasing cultural variations in timekeeping.
• Leap Seconds vs. Leap Years: While leap years address the discrepancy in the length of a year, leap seconds cater to irregularities in the Earth’s rotation. Periodic additions of leap seconds to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) maintain synchronization with Earth’s rotation.
• Technological Implications: The consideration of leap years extends beyond the realms of astronomy; it plays a crucial role in computer programming and software development. Accurate date calculations are imperative for databases, financial systems, and various applications reliant on precise timekeeping.

Leap year in different local and native languages around the World:

1. Spanish (Español):
   • Leap Year: Año Bisiesto
2. French (Français):
   • Leap Year: Année bissextile
3. German (Deutsch):
   • Leap Year: Schaltjahr
4. Chinese (Mandarin 普通话):
   • Leap Year: 闰年 (Rùn Nián)
5. Hindi (हिन्दी):
   • Leap Year: उर्ध्वपुरुष वर्ष (Urdhvapurush Varsh)
6. Russian (русский):
   • Leap Year: Високосный год (Visokosny god)
7. Arabic (العربية):
   • Leap Year: سنة كبيسة (Sana Kabeesa)
8. Japanese (日本語):
   • Leap Year: 閏年 (Urunen)
9. Portuguese (Português):
   • Leap Year: Ano bissexto
10. Swahili:
    • Leap Year: Mwaka wa Kupanda
11. Italian (Italiano):
    • Leap Year: Anno bisestile
12. Dutch (Nederlands):
    • Leap Year: Schrikkeljaar
13. Korean (한국어):
    • Leap Year: 윤년 (Yun Nyeon)
14. Turkish (Türkçe):
    • Leap Year: Artık Yıl
15. Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia):
    • Leap Year: Tahun Kabisat
16. Greek (Ελληνικά):
    • Leap Year: Έτος Κύκλου
17. Hebrew (עברית):
    • Leap Year: שנה מעוברת (Shanah Me’uberes)
18. Swedish (Svenska):
    • Leap Year: Skottår
19. Polish (Polski):
    • Leap Year: Rok Przestępny
20. Finnish (Suomi):
    • Leap Year: Karkausvuosi
21. Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt):
    • Leap Year: Năm Nhuận
22. Thai (ไทย):
    • Leap Year: ปีอธิกสุรทิน (Bpee A-thi-gat-soo-rit)
23. Czech (Čeština):
    • Leap Year: Přestupný rok
24. Romanian (Română):
    • Leap Year: An bisect
25. Bengali (বাংলা):
    • Leap Year: অধিবর্ষ (Odhibôrsho)
26. Filipino (Filipino):
    • Leap Year: Taon-talon
27. Malay (Bahasa Melayu):
    • Leap Year: Tahun Lompat
28. Ukrainian (Українська):
    • Leap Year: Високосний рік (Visokosniy rik)
29. Bulgarian (Български):
    • Leap Year: Високосна година (Visokosna godina)
30. Slovak (Slovenčina):
    • Leap Year: Prestupný rok
31. Hungarian (Magyar):
    • Leap Year: Szökőév
32. Lithuanian (Lietuvių):
    • Leap Year: Keliamieji metai
33. Latvian (Latviešu):
    • Leap Year: Garais gads
34. Estonian (Eesti):
    • Leap Year: Liigaasta
35. Croatian (Hrvatski):
    • Leap Year: Prijestupna godina
36. Slovenian (Slovenščina):
    • Leap Year: Prestopno leto
37. Georgian (ქართული):
    • Leap Year: წლის წრე (Ts’lis Ts’re)
38. Mongolian (Монгол):
    • Leap Year: Давс (Davs)
39. Albanian (Shqip):
    • Leap Year: Viti i shkaktuar
40. Serbian (Српски):
    • Leap Year: Преступна година (Prestupna godina)
41. Maltese (Malti):
    • Leap Year: Sena bissekli
42. Icelandic (Íslenska):
    • Leap Year: Hlaupaár
43. Farsi (Persian):
    • Leap Year: سال کبیسه (Saal-e Kabiseh)
44. Kazakh (Қазақша):
    • Leap Year: Шыбыт жыл (Shybyt Jyl)
45. Urdu (اُردُو):
    • Leap Year: سال کبیسہ (Saal-e Kabisa)
46. Pashto (پښتو):
    • Leap Year: کبیسه کال (Kabisa Kal)
47. Nepali (नेपाली):
    • Leap Year: अधिवर्ष (Adhivarsa)
48. Telugu (తెలుగు):
    • Leap Year: వేరుడు సంవత్సరం (Vēruḍu Sanvatsaram)
49. Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ):
    • Leap Year: ನಡೆಯಲಾದ ವರ್ಷ (Nadeyalada Varsha)
50. Tamil (தமிழ்):
    • Leap Year: நடக்கும் வருடம் (Naṭakkum Varuṭam)
51. Burmese (မြန်မာ):
    • Leap Year: ပြားရန်နှစ် (Pya Yan Nhti)
52. Yoruba:
    • Leap Year: Ẹ̀dá ọdún
53. Igbo:
    • Leap Year: Afọ na-abụọ
54. Hausa:
    • Leap Year: Shekaru biyu
55. Zulu (isiZulu):
    • Leap Year: Unyaka ozokudelela
56. Amharic (አማርኛ):
    • Leap Year: ግንኙ ዓመት (Ginu Amet)
57. Oromo (Afaan Oromoo):
    • Leap Year: Bishaan Goroofanne
58. Malayalam (മലയാളം):
    • Leap Year: ലീപ് വർഷം (Līp Varṣaṁ)
59. Tigrinya (ትግርኛ):
    • Leap Year: ናይ ግንኙ ዓመት (Nay Genu Amet)
60. Somali (Soomaali):
    • Leap Year: Sannad Dhimasho
61. Kurdish (Kurmanji):
    • Leap Year: Salê Şilbe
62. Kyrgyz (Кыргызча):
    • Leap Year: Күйгүз жыл (Küyğüz Jıl)
63. Uzbek (Oʻzbekcha):
    • Leap Year: Kabisa Yil
64. Azerbaijani (Azərbaycanca):
    • Leap Year: Artıq il
65. Tajik (тоҷикӣ):
    • Leap Year: Соли кабиса (Soli Kabisa)
66. Pashto (پښتو):
    • Leap Year: کبیسه کال (Kabisa Kal)
67. Tatar (татарча):
    • Leap Year: Җибыт йыл (Cibıt Yıl)
68. Uighur (ئۇيغۇرچە):
    • Leap Year: پاری كۆنۈلگۈس (Pari Könülgüs)
69. Bashkir (башҡортса):
    • Leap Year: Иске йыл (Iske Yıl)
70. Chichewa:
    • Leap Year: Nthawi yomwe mwaka
71. Sesotho:
    • Leap Year: Letsatsi le khutle
72. Fijian:
    • Leap Year: Yabaki ni kauta tiko
73. Bislama:
    • Leap Year: Jia ia i stap
74. Kiribati:
    • Leap Year: Te wa moa
75. Marshallese:
    • Leap Year: Raar raan Kōn kōn
76. Nauruan:
    • Leap Year: Bwiyatuwatuwa
77. Palauan:
    • Leap Year: Ngara ruukel
78. Samoan (Gagana Samoa):
    • Leap Year: Tausaga sisifo
79. Tongan (Faka-Tonga):
    • Leap Year: Tau ho’onete
80. Tuvaluan:
    • Leap Year: Tausaga folofola
81. Chamorro:
    • Leap Year: Ginen Bisiesto
82. Guamanian:
    • Leap Year: Bisieston Añu
83. Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch):
    • Leap Year: Schoossjoer
84. Malagasy:
    • Leap Year: Taona ambonin’ny herinandro
85. Samoan (Gagana Samoa):
    • Leap Year: Tausaga sisifo
86. Tongan (Faka-Tonga):
    • Leap Year: Tau ho’onete
87. Tuvaluan:
    • Leap Year: Tausaga folofola
88. Chamorro:
    • Leap Year: Ginen Bisiesto
89. Guamanian:
    • Leap Year: Bisieston Añu
90. Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch):
    • Leap Year: Schoossjoer
91. Malagasy:
    • Leap Year: Taona ambonin’ny herinandro
92. Sesotho:
    • Leap Year: Letsatsi le khutle
93. Sinhala (සිංහල):
    • Leap Year: දෙපැත්තය (Depattaya)
94. Khmer (ខ្មែរ):
    • Leap Year: ឆ្នាំងឆ្នាំ (Chhnam Chhnam)
95. Lao (ລາວ):
    • Leap Year: ປີຄືນ (Pi Khun)
96. Tajik (тоҷикӣ):
    • Leap Year: Соли кабиса (Soli Kabisa)
97. Yiddish (ייִדיש):
    • Leap Year: שאַלט־יאָר (Shalt-yor)
98. Zulu (isiZulu):
    • Leap Year: Unyaka ozokudelela
99. Esperanto:
    • Leap Year: Interspaca jaro
100. Klingon:
     • Leap Year: QIt Qo’noS ta’jaj